ADVANCED CONCEPTS
"In order for the industrial development of carbon capture and storage to become a reality, there needs to be more focus on potential funding mechanisms and a consistent international regulatory mechanism should be put into place."
- Gilles Munier 
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One important point to consider is that CCS deployment is most likely to be achieved as a regional scale, i.e. as a shared service/utility for industries. Point-source clustering and raw/pre-treated emissions pooling strategies can be highly cost efficient, allowing local industries to share common infrastructures for the capture and transport of CO2.
Several means exist to enhance the sustainability of CCS from a variety of standpoints. For example, a minimization of the energy and resources needed to power CCS technologies, the mitigation of the additional risks and costs implied by for industrial stakeholders from the deployment of the CCS-chain, and finally the necessary integration of CCS projects into local communities with a clear vision of the benefits that CCS can bring local residents on top of the pure emission reduction potential the technology may imply at the global scale all are issues that require considerable attention if the technologies potential is to be truly realized.
| Examining CCS deploy-ment at a larger scale also calls project proponents and CCS stakeholders to revisit the concept of CO2 geological storage resource availability, where regional storage planning can design flexibility into the system so as to counter the various constraints that will inevitably be implied for regional-scale (or industrial-basin scale) of CO2 management by providing industries with multiple CO2 disposal options.
Moreover, if the ultimate goal of capturing CO2 emissions is to avoid their direct release into the atmosphere, other options should be explored that do not necessarily direct the flow of CO2 underground. After CO2 is captured and separated from the emissions stream, numerous other industry uses exist that can incorporate CO2 into the value chain. This concept, known as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is gaining momentum worldwide. Valorizing CO2 as a resource, rather than treating the gas as a waste product, needs to be a key goal for CCS stakeholders who need options to optimize the economics of carbon management.
| Different options are available for CO2 use, among them (1) the use of CO2 as a feedstock for production of biofuels or chemicals, (2) the incorporation of CO2 into biomass (e.g. microalgae), or (3) CO2 use for enhanced oil recovery. Additionally, IEA (International Energy Agency) has clearly mentioned in its 2010 report, “Highest Ever Annual Carbon Emission Leave World in Trouble,” that CO2 utilization has the potential to reduce worldwide annual CO2 emissions by ten percent.
In its vision for CCS deployment and strategic advises to its clients, Geogreen strongly promotes CO2 utilization technologies as an important aspect of a CO2 emission reduction strategy, in addition to carbon capture and storage technologies. Together with the carbon management of CO2 at the integrated regional-scale, we are convinced of the positive value that CCUS can bring to the global environment as well as to the local stakeholders.
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